Fig. 1

AA inhibits METH-induced TNF-alpha and IL-6 production and mRNA expression levels. SH-SY5Y cells were incubated in the presence or absence of AA (1, 10, and 20 μM) for 1 h and then treated with 1 mM METH for 24 h. a TNFR overexpression was significantly inhibited in METH-stimulated SH-SY5Y cells by AA administration. AA strongly suppressed METH-induced TNFα and IL-6 production both in extracellular (b) and mRNA levels (c, d). β-actin was used to confirm equal sample loading. The data are representative of three independent experiments and quantified as mean values ± SEM (n = 4 to 9). Tukey’s multiple comparison test, *p < 0.05 compared to normal control, ^† p < 0.05 compared to METH treatment