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Fig. 5 | Journal of Neuroinflammation

Fig. 5

From: Asiatic acid attenuates methamphetamine-induced neuroinflammation and neurotoxicity through blocking of NF-kB/STAT3/ERK and mitochondria-mediated apoptosis pathway

Fig. 5

Protective effects of AA on METH-stimulated mesencephalic neurons. a Along with the presence or absence of AA, the morphological changes (upper) and TH expression (lower) in dopaminergic neurons after exposure to METH. Immunofluorescence staining for TH (green) localization. Cells were counterstained with Hoechst 33342 (blue). Magnifications ×400. b AA strongly reverses TH expression and inhibits phosphorylation of ERK and translocation of NF-κB/STAT3. β-actin and lamin B were used to confirm equal sample loading. Immunoblotting was quantified by densitometric analysis. c Inhibitors of NF-κB (Bay11-7085), STAT3 (S3I-201), ERK (PD98059), or AA significantly suppresses TNFα and IL-6 secretion in METH-stimulated mesencephalic neurons. d Immunofluorescence double staining for TH (green) and p-NF-κB p65/p-STAT3 (red) localization. Cells were counterstained with Hoechst 33342 (blue). Magnifications ×200. The data are representative of three independent experiments and quantified as mean values ± SEM (n = 4 to 6). Tukey’s multiple comparison test, *p < 0.05 compared to normal control, † p < 0.05 compared to METH treatment

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