Fig. 5

SSO prevented inflammation-induced neuronal death in microglia/neuron co-culture. SSO was not directly protective against glutamate-mediated neurotoxicity. Primary neurons were pre-exposed to 50 μM SSO for 2 h followed by subsequent exposure to 400 μM glutamate and 50 μM SSO for 24 h. Cell viability was assayed using the MTT assay (a). SSO prevented inflammation-induced neuronal death in neuron-glial co-cultures. The co-cultures were pre-treated with two concentrations of SSO (20 μM and 50 μM) for 2 h followed by the exposure to LPS + IFNγ in the presence or absence of SSO. MAP-2 immunoreactivity was measured to determine neuronal viability using peroxidase-ABTS kit. SSO prevented the LPS + IFNγ-induced neuronal death in neuron/BV2 co-cultures (b) and neuron/primary microglia co-cultures (c). Data are expressed in mean ± SEM and statistical analysis carried out using one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s post hoc test. n = 3 per group from three independent experiments, and the values are normalized to controls. *p < 0.01, **p < 0.01, and ***p < 0.001