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Fig. 11 | Journal of Neuroinflammation

Fig. 11

From: Lysophosphatidic acid via LPA-receptor 5/protein kinase D-dependent pathways induces a motile and pro-inflammatory microglial phenotype

Fig. 11

LPAR5 and PKD family control the chemotactic response of microglia. BV-2 microglial cells were cultured in a 24-well plate, serum-starved overnight, and treated with DMSO, DMSO plus LPA (1 μM), and LPA (1 μM) plus TCLPA5 (5 μM) or CRT (1 μM). a Velocity, b accumulated distance, and c Euclidean distance were determined using time-lapse microscopy. d, e Serum-starved BV-2 cells were incubated with LPA in the absence or presence of the indicated antagonists and allowed to migrate across Transwell inserts (CIM plates) for 24 h. Real-time cell migration was monitored using the xCELLigence system. fh PMM were cultured in PDL-coated 24-well plates, serum-starved overnight, and treated with DMSO, DMSO plus LPA (1 μM), and LPA (1 μM) plus TCLPA5 (5 μM) or CRT (1 μM). f Velocity, g accumulated distance, and h Euclidean distance were analyzed by time-lapse microscopy. For BV-2 cells, results from three independent experiments performed in triplicate are presented as mean + SD (***p < 0.001, compared to DMSO; ### p < 0.001, cells treated with the inhibitor plus LPA compared to LPA-treated cells; one-way ANOVA with the Bonferroni correction). For PMM, results from two experiments in triplicate are shown as mean + SEM (*p < 0.05, ***p < 0.001, compared to DMSO; # p < 0.05, ### p < 0.001, cells treated with the inhibitor plus LPA compared to LPA-treated cells; one-way ANOVA with the Bonferroni correction)

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