Fig. 4

LPA induces the activation of pro-inflammatory transcription factors. Serum-starved a PMM were treated with 0.1% BSA (control) or LPA (1 μM) for the indicated time periods, and cellular protein lysates were collected. Phosphorylation of p65-NF-κB, STAT1, STAT3, and c-Jun was analyzed by western blotting. One representative blot is shown (N = 3). Molecular mass is indicated at the right. Actin was used as loading control. b Densitometric analysis of western blots (N = 3). Results show the significance of changes in the protein expression and represent mean values + SEM (*p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001; unpaired Student’s t test; BSA versus LPA for each time point)