Fig. 1

Pretreatment with donepezil suppressed the TNFα-induced sustained intracellular Ca²⁺ elevation in rodent microglial cells. a, b Five representative traces showing a treatment of 3 ng/mL TNFα-induced sustained increase in [Ca²⁺]i in rat HAPI (a) and mouse primary (b) microglial cells. (a, b inset) The inset shows a 100 μM ATP-induced transient increase in [Ca²⁺]i in rat HAPI (a) and mouse primary (b) microglial cells. The average trace of 15 [Ca²⁺]i traces in response to ATP is shown. c, d Five representative traces showing that pretreatment with donepezil significantly inhibited the elevation of [Ca²⁺]i induced by TNFα in rat HAPI (c) and mouse primary (d) microglial cells. Both HAPI (c) and primary (d) microglial cells were pretreated with 5 μM donepezil for 12 h. e Dose-response effect of different concentrations of donepezil on the amplitude of [Ca²⁺]i increase obtained 15 min after TNFα treatment in mouse 6-3 microglial cells. * < 0.05 vs 5 μM donepezil, NS > 0.05 vs 5 μM donepezil. f Five representative traces showing that TNFα could not induce sustained intracellular Ca²⁺ elevation in the presence of neutralizing TNFR1 antibody using mouse primary microglial cells. Dotted line is the average trace of control