Fig. 3

WWL70 treatment reduced microglia and astrocyte activation in the ipsilateral dorsal horn of mouse lumbar spinal cord. At 7 days post-injury, the Iba1-positive microglia/macrophages (a) and GFAP-positive astrocytes (b) were dramatically increased in CCI vehicle group and reduced in mice treated with WWL70 (10 mg/kg). Combined treatment with WWL70 (10 mg/kg) and AM630 (3 mg/kg) or AM281 (3 mg/kg) exhibited similarly reduced Iba1- and GFAP-positive cells in the spinal cord compared to the CCI vehicle group. Treatment with AM281 or AM630 alone did not alter the numbers of microglia and astrocytes. Quantification of the Iba1- and GFAP-positive stained cells (c, d). *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, and ***p < 0.001 (mean ± S.E.M., n = 7/group). Scale bar = 250 μm. Merge represents co-localization of DAPI (blue) with Iba1 (red) or GFAP (green)