Fig. 1
From: Curcumin attenuates collagen-induced inflammatory response through the “gut-brain axis”
Effect of curcumin on collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) in rats. Rats were intradermally injected with type II collagen (CII) to induce CIA. Curcumin (Cur, 100 mg/kg) was orally administered daily for 14 consecutive days. a Body weight changes. b Arthritis index scores. c Hind paws swelling. The volumes of hind paws were all measured using a plethysmometer on indicated days. d Histologic examinations of the ankle joint sections. The scores of inflammatory cell infiltration, synovial hyperplasia and congestion, pannus formation, and cartilage and bone erosion. e The total histological scores were summarized. Data were shown as means ± S.E.M. for each group (n = 6). ##p < 0.01 vs. normal group; **p < 0.01 vs. model group