Fig. 1

Orally administered SDG decreased leukocyte adhesion to and migration across the BBB. Representative images from videos of leukocytes labeled with 0.01% Rhodamine 6G are shown. 5 days after implanting cranial window with adjacent cannula, each mouse was pretreated with SDG at 4 mg/mouse, 2 h prior to TNFα injection i.c. (0.5 μg/mouse). Adherent and migrated leukocytes in animals with or without SDG treatment are shown in panels a and c, respectively. Quantitative analysis of leukocyte adhesion (b) to and migration (d) across the endothelium. Arrows point to migrated leukocytes. Experiments were performed on 5–8 mice in each group. ****p < 0.0001. Scale bar 100 μm is included in the upper left corner of one of the micrographs in a and c