Fig. 3

SDG treatment attenuates human monocyte adhesion to and migration across monolayers of human brain BMVEC. SDG diminished adhesion of TNFα-activated (20 ng/ml) human brain endothelial cells. BMVEC (red bars) or monocytes (blue bars) were treated for 24 h with SDG at 1, 2, 5, 10, or 50 μM prior to adhesion (panel a) or migration (panel b) assay. Means of quadruplicate determinations are shown ± SEM. #p < 0.0001 is considered significant vs. non-activated and non-treated cells. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.001, and ****p < 0.0001 is considered significant vs. TNFα-activated and non-treated human brain endothelial cells