Fig. 2

Histamine-induced astrocyte activation. Primary astrocytes were treated with histamine (0.001–1 μg/ml) for 24 h. a Cells were stained with GFAP antibody, and upregulated GFAP expression (red) on activated astrocytes was observed using confocal microscopy. The blue staining represents DAPI. Scale bar = 50 μm. b and c Levels of GFAP were detected by Western blotting, quantified, and normalized to GAPDH levels. Values are expressed relative to the control, which was set to 1. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01 versus the control group. The data are presented as the mean ± s.e.m. of three independent experiments