Fig. 5

Laquinimod promote a more sham-like microglial phenotype: a Sections stained for GFP to visualize microglia. b–c Fold change of upregulated (b) or downregulated (c) microglia genes following TBI with or without laquinimod treatment. Note that transcription genes are upregulated with laquinimod. d–e Fold changes of upregulated (d) or downregulated (e) microglia genes of TBI-laquinimod group compared to TBI-water group. f Hierarchical clustering of nanostring data from naïve, sham, and TBI of different treatment condition shows that laquinimod treatment attenuated TBI-induced microglial gene expression closer to the sham group. We studied five to seven mice per group from at least three independent experiments. Scale bar, 100 μm. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01