Fig. 5

Sulforaphane decreased intracellular Ca²⁺ levels and the production of IL-1β and TNF-α provoked by Aβ1-42 insult. a THP-1 cells were pretreated with sulforaphane (5 μM) for 30 min and then exposed to Aβ1-42 for 8 h. Intracellular Ca²⁺ levels were measured as described in Fig. 2. b, c THP-1 cells were pretreated with sulforaphane (5 μM) for 30 min and then exposed to Aβ1-42 for 16 h. Levels of IL-1β (b) or TNF-α (c) in the supernatants were quantitated by ELISA. Values are expressed as means ± SEM of at least six independent experiments measured in duplicates. **P < 0.01, versus vehicle-treated samples; ^##P < 0.01, compared to Aβ1-42-treated samples. Aβ, amyloid-β; IL-1β, interleukin 1-β; TNF-α, tumor necrosis factor-α