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Fig. 2 | Journal of Neuroinflammation

Fig. 2

From: Dimethyl fumarate attenuates reactive microglia and long-term memory deficits following systemic immune challenge

Fig. 2

DMF acts on Nrf2-independent mechanisms to suppress NF-κB activation induced by LPS. Primary Nrf2+/+ and Nrf2−/− MG were stimulated with LPS (100 ng/ml) in the absence or presence of DMF (100 μM) for various time periods. a Nuclear translocation of NF-κB (p65) was examined at 15 min after stimulation. Representative images of p65 immunostaining from three independent experiments are shown. Hoechst 33342-stained cell nuclei are depicted in blue. MED, cell culture medium. VEH, vehicle control. Scale bar, 20 μm. b The percentage of p65-positive nuclei/total cell nuclei in each treatment group was quantified. Data presented are from three independent experiments. ***p < 0.001, by one-way ANOVA with Bonferroni’s post hoc multiple comparison test. c The western blot analysis of phospho-IKKα/β at 15 or 30 min after stimulation. Data presented are representative blots from three independent experiments

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