Fig. 4

Modulation of LAR and PTPσ attenuates pro-inflammatory cytokines while elevating anti-inflammatory mediators in SCI. a Western blot analysis of IL-1β protein expression at 1, 3, 7, and 14 days post-SCI showed a significant increase in IL-1β at 1 day post-SCI that persisted for up to 14 days after injury. ILP and ISP co-treatment attenuated this upregulation but was only statistically significant at the 3-day time-point post-SCI. b TNFα protein expression was also significantly upregulated at 1, 3, 7, and 14 days post-SCI compared to uninjured control. ILP and ISP treatment reduced TNFα levels; however, the reduction was not statistically significant. c, d Western blot analysis of IL-10 and Arginase-1 protein at various time-points showed that ILP and ISP co-treatment significantly increased both factors at 5, 7, and 14 days post-SCI compared to vehicle treatment. N = 4–6 animals/group/time-point. The data show the mean ± SEM, *p < 0.05, one-way ANOVA