Fig. 8

Hind paw epidermal inflammatory chemokine and cytokine levels were increased in wildtype mice fracture (WT-FX) vs no fracture controls (WT-NO FX). At 3 weeks post fracture, elevated levels of a chemokine (C–C motif) ligand 2 (CCL2), b tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF), c interleukin-4 (IL-4), and d granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) proteins were observed in the hind paw epidermis by immunohistochemistry and confirmed by Bio-Plex Luminex cytokine arrays. The dotted lines define the limits of the epidermis. Data were analyzed using unpaired Student’s t test, error bars indicate SEM, n = 8 per cohort. ^*P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, and ***P < 0.001 vs WT-NO FX. Scale bar = 20 μm