Fig. 3

Urate suppresses proinflammatory cytokine expression in BV2 cells and rat primary microglia. a–d BV2 cells (a, b; n = 4) and primary microglia (c, d; n = 4) were pretreated for 30 min with indicated concentrations of urate followed by LPS for 6 h. IL-1β and TNF-α transcription levels were analyzed by quantitative real-time PCR and normalized to that of GAPDH. Untreated cells served as a control (ctr). Data represent the mean ± SD. ^***p < 0.001 vs. control group; ^###p < 0.001 vs. LPS group (one-way analysis of variance)