Fig. 2

Effects of NADPH oxidase subunit deletion on plasma TNFα levels and microglial activation after LPS injection. a The plasma TNFα levels were not affected by NOX2 subunit knockout (gp91^phox−/− and P47^phox−/−) 1 h after LPS. Data are presented as mean ± SEM; n = 5/group. Bonferroni post hoc test vs. vehicle-treated or LPS-treated wild-type (WT) group; p > 0.05. b WT, gp91^phox−/−, and P47^phox−/− mice were sacrificed 24 h after 4 mg/kg LPS injection (i.p.). Brain sections were immunostained for the microglial marker Iba-1. Representative images of the stained microglia in the dentate gyrus (DG) and CA3 regions of mouse hippocampus (n = 3 mice per genotype) are shown. c Activated microglia were identified by increased cell size and irregular shape. The proportions of activated microglia in hippocampus were estimated. Data are mean ± SEM of values from three animals per genotype. Bonferroni post hoc test vs. LPS-treated WT mouse group; *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001