Fig. 2

Effects of SN on cognitive deficits induced by PTZ kindling. a Statistical results showing SN decreased escape latency. b Statistical results showing SN washout reversed its effect on escape latency. c, d Representative traces and statistical results showing rat’s swimming distance searching for hidden platform in the first and fifth training day. e, f Statistical results showing SN dose-dependently increased the number of times crossing the target quadrant and the time spent in the target quadrant in PTZ kindling rats. g, h Statistical results showing SN washout reversed its effect on the number of times crossing the target quadrant and the time spent in the target quadrant. Data are expressed as means ± SEM. n = 10–12, ^##P < 0.01 vs control and *P < 0.05 and **P < 0.01 vs PTZ and ^△△P < 0.01 vs PTZ + SN