Table 1 Phagocytosis of E. coli K1 and release of proinflammatory cytokines and NO by microglial cells treated with 13 μg/ml activin A alone and in combination with different TLR agonists
No stim. | Act A 13 μg/ml | P3C | P3C + Act A | LPS | LPS + Act A | CpG | CpG + Act A | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Phagocytosis (%) | 100 (52/143) | 56 (27/96) | 337 (147/561) | 276 (219/500) | 493 (324/750) | 275 (180/949) | 493 (270/1399) | 750 (183/7914) |
p = 0.11 | p = 0.85 | p = 0.33 | p = 0.94 | |||||
TNF-α (pg/ml) | 125 (85/195) | 112 (33/157) | 7280 (1884/8315) | 4046 (1615/7189) | 8103 (7126/8636) | 4776 (1255/5505) | 4325 (932/4829) | 4826 (1313/7199) |
p = 0.34 | p = 0.31 | p < 0.0003*** | p = 0.11 | |||||
IL-6 (pg/ml) | 38 (38/95) | 38 (38/38) | 38 (38/7383) | 2785 (38/5913) | 3910 (2832/4192) | 2017 (1894/2215) | 656 (435/727) | 751 (656/941) |
p = 0.56 | p = 0.93 | p = 0.10 | p = 0.27 | |||||
CXCL1 (pg/ml) | 928 (352/1536) | 690 (64/1656) | 9168 (1908/19508) | 6445 (2051/14133) | 2802 (2751/3003) | 3204 (2412/4460) | 6650 (4309/8876) | 4410 (4108/8820) |
p = 0.77 | p = 0.82 | p = 0.70 | p = 0.70 | |||||
NO (μM) | 4.6 (4.0/5.3) | 4.0 (3.7/4.9) | 32.4 (22.0/34.7) | 40.5 (29.4/42.8) | 26.1 (18.7/28.2) | 31.6 (28.0/32.8) | 24.4 (15.0/26.5) | 25.4 (23.8/32.2) |
p = 0.45 | p = 0.03* | p = 0.02* | p = 0.11 | |||||