Fig. 6

Inflammatory cytokines and chemokines are upregulated in the embryonic brain following in utero electroporation. Cytokine and chemokine assays show an upregulation of a tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα; p = 0.0917), b interleukin 1 beta (IL-1β; p = 0.0019), c interleukin 6 (IL-6; p = 0.0366), d macrophage inflammatory protein 2 (MIP-2; p = 0.0410), e regulated upon activation normal T cell expressed and secreted (RANTES, also known as CCL5; p = 0.0460), f interferon gamma-induced protein 10 (IP-10, also known as CXCL10; p = 0.0095), g monocyte chemotactic protein 1 (MCP-1, also known as CCL2; p = 0.0084), h macrophage inflammatory protein 1 alpha (MIP-1α, also known as CCL3; p = 0.0445), i macrophage inflammatory protein 1 beta (MIP-1β, also known as CCL4; p = 0.0615), j ganulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF; p = 0.0222), k eotaxin (p < 0.0001), and l interleukin 10 (IL-10; p < 0.0001) in ~ E14.75–15 IUE (E14.5) brains as compared to wild-type (protein levels pg/mL; mean ± S.E.M.; wild-type n = 3, IUE n = 3)