Fig. 3

Effects of DHA, 4-HHE, and 4-HNE on LPS-induced ROS production in microglial cells. Cells were cultured in 96-well plates as described in Fig. 2 and harvested at 12 h after LPS treatment. For ROS determination, CM-H₂DCFDA was added 1 h prior to the end of incubation. Data in a–c represent levels of ROS after pre-treatment of DHA (12.5–100 μM), 4-HHE (1.25–10 μM), and 4-HNE (1.25–10 μM) in the presence and absence of LPS. Results are expressed as the mean ± SEM (n = 4). Analyzed by one-way ANOVA followed by Bonferroni post-tests; “a” represents significant differences (p < 0.05) comparing test compounds with control (Ctrl) with LPS treatment alone. IC₅₀ values for each test compound were determined using the formula for regression analysis in Microsoft Excel 2016