Fig. 5

Effects of DHA, 4-HHE, and 4-HNE on the induction of Nrf2 and HO-1 protein expression in BV-2 microglial cells. Cells were cultured in 12-well plate dish and pre-treated with a DHA (12.5–100 μM), b 4-HHE (1.25–10 μM), and c 4-HNE (1.25–10 μM) for 1 h followed by stimulation with LPS (100 ng/mL) for 6 h. Representative Western blots are shown for effects of DHA, 4-HHE, and 4-HNE on Nrf2 and HO-1 expression with β-actin as loading control. Results are from four experiments with different passages. Bar graphs represent relative densities of Nrf2/β-actin or HO-1/β-actin ratios. Analysis by one-way ANOVA followed by Bonferroni post-tests; “a” represents significant differences (p < 0.05) comparing between control versus test compounds. d Data depict the fold increase in HO-1 protein expression comparing 4-HHE to 4-HNE