Fig. 3

GPR30 activation reduces inflammatory cytokine release after MCAO/R and OGD/R injuries. a The levels of the pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 in the ischemic penumbra of OVX mice as detected by ELISA 24 h after reperfusion. The data are expressed as the mean ± SD and analyzed by one-way ANOVA with Tukey’s post-test. ^###p < 0.001 compared with the sham group. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01 compared with the vehicle group. n = 5 per group. b, c The levels of the pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 in the protein extracts and supernatant of primary microglia after OGD/R injury as detected by ELISA 12 h after the reintroduction of oxygen and glucose. The data are expressed as the mean ± SD and analyzed by one-way ANOVA with Tukey’s post-test. ^###p < 0.001 compared with the con group. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01 compared with the vehicle group. The data were pooled from five independent experiments. OGD/R oxygen-glucose deprivation/reintroduction