Fig. 3

Switch between microglia phenotypes. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001 compared to control; ^#p < 0.05, ^##p < 0.01, ^###p < 0.001 compared to different experimental group as marked by horizontal bar; ^‡p < 0.05, ^‡‡p < 0.01 between two groups (t test); only relevant significant values are highlighted. a Co-stimulation of microglia with LPS (1 or 10 ng/ml) plus IL4 (50 ng/ml) and resulting expression of M1 and M2 markers. Expression of iNOS (representative experiment, F(4, 14) = 99.481, p < 0.001, ω = 0.9815; t test: t(4) = 4.424, p < 0.05, d = − 2.62) and CD206 (representative experiment, F(3, 8) = 12.634, p < 0.01, ω = 0.86) were measured on the mRNA level by RT-qPCR. Release of NO was measured by Griess assay (μmol/l; n = 4, H(4) = 64.298, p < 0.001); IGF1 release was measured by ELISA (n = 3, F(3, 24) = 5.587, p < 0.01, ω = 0.57). b Stimulation with IL4 (50 ng/ml) and subsequently with LPS (1 or 10 ng/ml), and resulting expression of M1 and M2 markers. Expression of iNOS (representative experiment, H(4) = 13.500, p < 0.01; t test: t(4) = − 7.6, p < 0.01, d = 12.96) and CD206 (representative experiment, F(4, 10) = 49.487, p < 0.001, ω = 0.96) were measured on the mRNA level by RT-qPCR. NO release was measured by Griess assay (μmol/l; n = 7, H(4) = 28.615, p < 0.001); IGF1 release was measured by ELISA (n = 7, H(4) = 25.794, p < 0.001). c Stimulation with LPS (1 or 10 ng/ml) and subsequently with IL4 (50 ng/ml), and resulting expression of M1 and M2 markers. Expression of iNOS (n = 4, F(4, 27) = 400.684; p < 0.001, ω = 0.99) and CD206 (representative experiment, F(4, 10) = 27.475, p < 0.001, ω = 0.77; t test: t(4) = 3.56, p < 0.05, d = − 2.65) were measured on the mRNA level by RT-qPCR. NO release was measured by Griess assay (μmol/l; n = 6, H(4) = 27.456, p < 0.001); IGF1 release was measured by ELISA (pg/ml, n = 7, F(4, 35) = 121.074, p < 0.001, ω = 0.96)