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Fig. 3 | Journal of Neuroinflammation

Fig. 3

From: Extracellular vesicles are increased in the serum of children with autism spectrum disorder, contain mitochondrial DNA, and stimulate human microglia to secrete IL-1β

Fig. 3

Serum-derived EVs stimulate IL-1β secretion from human microglia. Immortalized HM-SV40 microglia (1.0 × 105 cells) were stimulated with serum-derived EVs, quantitated as total EV-associated protein (1 or 5 μg/mL), from patients with ASD for a 24 h and b 48 h. Secretion of IL-1β was measured in the supernatant fluid by specific enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). All conditions were performed in triplicates for each data set and repeated three times (n = 3). Microglia were also stimulated with NT (10 nM) or LPS (10 ng/mL) used as “positive” controls. The significance of comparisons of each experimental condition to the control unstimulated cells is denoted by *p < 0.05, **p < 0.001, or ***p < 0.0001. Conc = concentration; ctrl = control

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