Fig. 3

MK-801-mediated blockade of NMDAR reduces JEV-triggered glutamate and inflammatory cytokines production in vitro. a–d Primary mouse neuron/glia cells were subjected to infection and treatment paradigm as described in Fig. 2b. The mRNA (a) and protein (b) levels of TNF-α, CCL-5, IL-1β, and CCL-2 were analyzed by quantitative real-time PCR and ELISA, respectively. The glutamate protein levels (c) were determined by ELISA. Viral titers (d) in cell supernatants were determined by plaque assay. Data are expressed as means ± SEM from three independent experiments. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01