Skip to main content
Fig. 2 | Journal of Neuroinflammation

Fig. 2

From: The role of neutrophil granule proteins in neuroinflammation and Alzheimer’s disease

Fig. 2

Ligands of RAGE activate NF-κB. Ligands of RAGE include amyloid beta (Aβ), high-mobility group box-1 (HMGB1), advanced glycation end products (AGEs), and S100 proteins. Binding of ligands to full-length RAGE located on the cell membrane induces a cell signaling cascade that leads to activation of the transcription factor NF-κB. Activation of NF-κB stimulates the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines including TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6, pro-oxidants including reactive oxygen species (ROS) and nitric oxide (NO), as well as RAGE itself. Soluble RAGE acts as a decoy receptor to bind other RAGE ligands and prevent them from activating cell signaling through full-length RAGE

Back to article page