Fig. 3

Tryptase upregulates the production of VCAM-1 via PAR-2. Mouse brain microvascular endothelial cell were pre-treated with FS at 400 μM for 30 min and then stimulated with tryptase at 1 μg/mL for 24 h. a Western blotting analysis of VCAM-1 levels in which the levels of VCAM-1 were quantified and normalised to their respective GAPDH levels. Each value was then expressed relative to the control, which was set to 1 (n = 3). b The cells were stained with anti-VCAM-1 antibody, and upregulated VCAM-1-immunopositive expression (green) on the activated mouse brain microvascular endothelial cell was observed using confocal scanning. The blue staining represents DAPI. Scale bar: 50 μm. **P < 0.01 versus the control group. ^##P < 0.01 versus the tryptase group. The data are presented as the mean ± S.E.M of at three separate experiments