The human microglial HMC3 cell line: where do we stand? A systematic literature review

Table 2 Production of cytokines, chemokines, and other inflammatory mediators

Markers	Original characterization		CHME3 cells		HMC3 cells		References
Markers	Resting	Stimulated	Resting	Stimulated	Resting	Stimulated	References
Pro-inflammatory molecules
IL-6	1553 ± 142	IL-1α: > 2500 LPS: 2110 ± 111	20–950/sizable amount	LPS: 2–4 fold ↑ IL-1β: 50 fold ↑ IFNγ: modest ↑ IL-1β + IFNγ: additional ↑ Aβ_1–40: 2–12 fold ↑ Aβ_1–40 + IFNγ: no- additional ↑ Aβ_1–42: no effect α-MSH: ↑ EPA: ↑ HCV NS3: ↑	Sizable amount /(mRNA level)	HIV-vector: ↑ HIV-U937: ↑	[17, 20, 21, 30, 36, 37, 40, 43, 47, 48]
TNFα	ND	ND	4–8/ND	Aβ_1–40: no effect Aβ_1–42: modest ↑ HCV NS3: ↑	(mRNA level)		[17, 21, 37, 40, 43, 44, 47]
IL-1α			ND	Aβ_1–40: no effect			[47]
IL-1β			ND	Aβ_1–40: no effect HCV NS3: ↑	ND /(mRNA level)		[21, 30, 40, 47]
Caspase-1			ND	Aβ_1–40: no effect			[47]
IL-12				LPS:↑			[52]
IFNγ				LPS:↑	ND		[30, 52]
iNOS			16% of cells (positive immunoreactivity)		(mRNA level)		[20, 36]
ROS					Sizable amount	HIV TAT-C protein: modest ↑	[20, 21]
Antinflammatory molecules
IL-4					ND		[30]
IL-10			5,4	Aβ_1–42: no effect	ND		[30, 43]
TGFβ1			~ 8		(mRNA level)		[20, 37]
TGFβ2			~ 100				[37]
Chemokines
CCL2						HIV-U937: ↑	[30]
CCL5					Sizable amount	HIV-vector: ↑ HIV-U937: ↑	[30]
IL-8				HCV NS3: ↑			[40]
CXCL10						HIV-vector: ↑ HIV-U937: ↑	[30]

Levels of cytokines and chemokines assessed in the incubation media are reported. Data are expressed as pg/ml ± SD secreted in 24-h incubation experiments. ND, not-detectable. ↑, increased production. Several inflammatory genes (i.e., iNOS, IL-1β, TNFα, IL-6, MHCII antigens, ARG1, and IL-10) were found to be expressed at the mRNA levels, in the CHME3 cells when co-cultured with differentiated neuronal SH-SY5Y wild type cells for 24, 48, 72 h. These markers were significantly upregulated in presence of the SH_swe differentiated neuronal cells, with major modifications observed for IL-1β and IL-6 gene expression at 72 h [50]. In addition, the mRNA levels of both pro-inflammatory (IL-1β, IL-6, and TNFα) and anti-inflammatory (IFNβ, IL-4, and IL-10) cytokines increased in response to CHME3 cell infection with the Japanese Encephalitis Virus (JEV) [53, 54]

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