Fig. 3

C3aR blockade ameliorates surgery-induced neuroinflammation. Mice were randomly assigned to three groups (n = 5/group): sham + vehicle, surgery + vehicle, and surgery + C3aR antagonist (C3aRa). ELISA was performed to assay proinflammatory cytokines IL-1β (a) and IL-6 (b) in hippocampal homogenates at 6 h after surgery or sham procedure. c Representative confocal images of IBA1 (red) labeling in the hippocampus at 1 day after surgery or sham procedure. d Quantification of percentage of IBA1⁺ area. e Double immunostaining of adhesion molecular ICAM-1 (green) and endothelial marker CD31 (red) in the hippocampus. f Quantification of ICAM-1 by relative fluorescence intensity. g Representative images of anti-myeloperoxidase (MPO) (green) immunostaining; white arrows indicate MPO⁺ cells. Nuclear counterstaining with DAPI (blue) (c, g). Scale bar = 100 μm (c, e, and g). Data analyses were performed using one-way analysis of variance followed by Tukey post hoc test; *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01