Fig. 3

Hyperglycemia alone contributes to the hippocampal increase of microglia and astrocyte gliosis after 9 weeks. Representative coronal brain sections for immunofluorescence detection of Iba1⁺ microglia (green) and GFAP⁺ astrocytes (grey) in the vehicle (a, d) and STZ-treated (b, e) mice on control diet in CA1b of the hippocampus. Scale bars, 50 μm (b) and 100 μm (e). c Quantification of microglia per mm². f Quantification of astrocytes as percentage area stained per FOV. Data represent mean ± S.E.M. of n = 8–10 per group. c One-way ANOVA with Dunnett’s. f Kruskal-Wallis with Dunn’s. *P < 0.05, ***P < 0.001 vs CIT + CON control group