Fig. 2

Determination of effects of Nef protein on CXCL9/10/11 gene expression. a Primary human astrocytes were treated with soluble Nef protein (50 ng/ml) for 6 h and 12 h. Human CXCL9, CXCL10, and CXCL11 mRNA levels were determined by real-time PCR assay (n = 3). Error bars represent means ± SEM. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001, vs 0 h. b Primary mouse astrocytes were pre-treated with different concentration of anti-Nef antibody followed by soluble Nef protein (50 ng/ml) for 6 h. Mouse Cxcl9, Cxcl10, and Cxcl11 mRNA levels were determined by real-time PCR assay (n = 3). Error bars represent means ± SEM. *P < 0.05, ***P < 0.001, vs NT. ^##P < 0.01, ^###P < 0.001, vs Nef