Fig. 3

Effects of the opioid antagonists on the anti-allodynic activities of preemptive administration of EM-1. The opioid antagonists naloxone (5 nmol, i.t., (a)), β-FNA (10 nmol, i.t., (b)), NTI (10 nmol, i.t., (c)), and nor-BNI (10 nmol, i.t., (d)) were administered 10 min, 4 h, 10 min, and 30 min prior to EM-1 (30 nmol, i.t.) injection, respectively. Each value represents mean ± S.E.M. Group size is indicated in figures. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, and ***P < 0.001 indicate significant differences compared with the Saline group according to two-way ANOVA followed by Bonferroni post-hoc analysis, ^#P < 0.05, ^##P < 0.01, and ^###P < 0.001 indicate significant differences compared with EM-1 group according to two-way ANOVA followed by Bonferroni post-hoc analysis. e AUC data were calculated during 0–4 days; *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, and ***P < 0.001 indicate significant differences compared with the Saline group according to one-way ANOVA followed by Bonferroni post-hoc analysis. ^#P < 0.05, ^##P < 0.01, and ^###P < 0.001 indicate significant differences compared with EM-1 group according to one-way ANOVA followed by Bonferroni post-hoc analysis