Fig. 3

M8I suppressed the DNA binding and transcriptional activities of NF-κB, while it increased PPAR-γ expression and transcriptional activities in astrocytes. a EMSA data shows that NF-κB DNA binding activity was increased in astrocytes treated with LTA for 1 and 3 h (left panel). M8I significantly inhibited NF-κB DNA binding activity in cells treated with LTA for 3 h (right panel). The arrow indicates a DNA–protein complex of NF-κB. “F” indicates a free probe. b Effect of M8I on the reporter gene activity of NF-κB. c Effect of M8I on PPAR-γ expression. Primary astrocytes were pretreated with M8I for 1 h prior to incubation with LTA (10 μg/ml) for 6 h. The mRNA level of PPAR-γ was determined by RT-PCR. Quantification data are shown in the bottom panel. d Effect of M8I on PPRE-luc reporter gene activity. The data are the mean ± S.E.M. of three independent experiments. ^#P < 0.05, vs. control samples. *P < 0.05, vs. LTA-treated samples