|
Parameter
|
Encephalitis (n = 10)
|
ASM (n = 25)
|
ABM (n = 6)
|
Controls (n = 42)
|
p valuea
|
|---|
|
Gender, males (%)
|
4 (40)
|
10 (40)
|
4 (67)
|
13 (31)
|
0.385
|
|
Age, years
|
43.5 (30, 72)
|
35 (28, 48)
|
52 (41, 68)
|
31 (22, 41)
|
0.054
|
|
Hospital stay, days
|
19 (11, 42)b
|
3 (1.5, 5.5)c
|
19 (14, 33)b, d
|
2.0 (1.0, 4.0)
|
< 0.001
|
|
Comorbidity (%)
|
|
Immunodeficiencye
|
2 (30)b
|
1 (4)c
|
1 (17)b
|
–
|
0.029
|
|
Psychiatric disorder
|
2 (20)b
|
2 (8)
|
–
|
–
|
0.046
|
|
Etiology known (%)f
|
4/10 (40)
|
16/25 (64)
|
6/6 (100)
|
–
|
< 0.001
|
|
Headache (%)
|
7/10 (70)b
|
24/25 (96)c
|
3/4 (75)
|
39/41 (95)
|
0.037
|
|
Neck stiffness (%)g
|
2/10 (20)
|
12/25 (48)
|
3/5 (60)
|
12/42 (29)
|
0.175
|
|
Objective fever (%)h
|
7/10 (70)
|
17/25 (68)
|
5/6 (83)
|
20/42 (48)
|
0.168
|
|
Focal neurology (%)
|
5/9 (56)b
|
2/19 (10)c
|
1/6 (17)
|
1/24 (4)
|
0.003
|
|
GCS ≤ 14 (%)
|
10/10 (100)b
|
2/25 (8)c
|
5/6 (83)b,d
|
6/42 (14)
|
< 0.001
|
|
CSF WBC (× 106/L)
|
25 (9.5, 92)b
|
179 (26, 271)b, c
|
212 (91, 1434)b, c
|
1.0 (1.0, 2.0)
|
< 0.001
|
|
CSF protein (g/L)
|
0.57 (0.4, 0.9)b
|
0.59 (0.4, 0.8)b
|
2.2 (0.8, 5.9)b, c, d
|
0.26 (0.2, 0.3)
|
< 0.001
|
|
CSF glucose (mmol/L)
|
3.6 (3.3, 4.4)
|
3.5 (3.0, 3.7)
|
3.6 (0.4, 6.3)
|
3.5 (3.2, 3.7)
|
0.341
|
|
Glucose ratio
|
0.6 (0.5, 0.7)
|
0.6 (0.5, 0.6)b
|
0.4 (0.1, 0.6)b
|
0.6 (0.6, 0.7)
|
0.009
|
|
Albumin ratio
|
8.4 (6.5,14)b
|
9.4 (6.1, 13)b
|
79 (36, 137)b, c, d
|
4.0 (2.6, 5.0)
|
< 0.001
|
|
Blood WBC (× 109/L)
|
8.6 (7.4, 11)
|
8.2 (6.1, 11)
|
14 (8.5, 18)
|
10 (6.7, 12)
|
0.173
|
|
CRP, serum (mg/L)
|
6 (0.9, 86)
|
3.5 (1.3, 12)b
|
169 (96, 446)b, c, d
|
16 (2.1, 77)
|
0.001
|
- CSF WBC white blood cell count in CSF, glucose ratio CSF glucose/serum glucose, albumin ratio CSF albumin/serum albumin. Significant p-values are marked in bold.
- Data shown are median (IQR) or numbers/n (%)
- ap values for one way analysis of variance (Kruskal-Wallis)
- bp < 0.05 for analysis with Mann-Whitney U test (MWU) in comparison with the control group
- cp < 0.05 for analysis with MWU in comparison with encephalitis
- dp < 0.05 for analysis with MWU in comparison with ASM
- eUnder treatment for or treated for cancer within the last year (including hematological malignancies), HIV infection or diabetes mellitus type 2 (DM2), or using immunosuppressive or immune modulating drugs
- fCausing agents for encephalitis were 3 viral (adenovirus, HSV1, VZV) and 1 NMDAr encephalitis. ABM; Streptococcus pneumonia (n = 2), Staphylococcus aureus (n = 2), Neisseria meningitides (n = 1), and Haemophilus influenzae (n = 1). ASM; HSV2 (n = 6), enterovirus (n = 8), Toscana virus (n = 1), and 1 patient had intrathecal antibody production of IgG against Borrelia burgdorferi
- gNeck stiffness was assessed by a physician before LP
- hFever was defined as either ≥ 38 °C upon admission or within 24 h after admission, or measured to ≥ 38 °C by the patient prior to admission
