Fig. 8

CD86 and CD163-labeled cells in the frontal cortex and hippocampus. a–c The images in the frontal cortex, CA1 region of the hippocampus, and CA3 region of the hippocampus are as follows: CD86 is in red, CD163 is green, and merge in yellow images show co-labeling of CD163 and CD86, arrows show an example of a co-labeled cell. Hoechst 33258 was used as a counterstain in blue (scale bar = 50 μm). d In the frontal cortex, a significant increase in the number of CD163-expressing cells was seen in all TBI groups compared to sham + vehicle group (*p < 0.05, **p < 0.01). e The mean number of CD163-labeled cells in the CA1 region of the hippocampus was significantly increased in the TBI + vehicle (*p < 0.05) and the TBI + MSCs + IL-10 (*p < 0.05) groups compared to sham + vehicle. f In the CA3 region of the hippocampus, CD163-positive cells were significantly increased in TBI + vehicle group compared to sham + vehicle (**p < 0.01). g Mean number of CD86-positive cells in the frontal cortex was significantly increased in TBI + vehicle group compared to all other groups (**p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001). h, i In the CA1 and CA3 region of the hippocampus, no significant differences in number of CD86-positive cells between groups were observed. j–l Cell counts for CD163 and CD86 were used to find the ratio of CD163:CD86 and multiplied by 100 to get the percent. j A significant shift to alternative macrophage/microglia state was seen in the frontal cortex (*p < 0.05). k–l No significant differences were observed among the groups in the CA1 and CA3 region of the hippocampus. Error bars represent ± SEM