Fig. 4

The effects of differential expression of CatC on M1 polarization of microglia in the brain. TNF-α ISH staining in cortex and hippocampus was performed 24 h after LPS (1 mg/kg, i.c.v.) injection (A). The levels of TNF-α and IL-1β were measured by qRT-PCR (B) and ELISA (D), respectively. The activation of microglia in cortex and hippocampus was detected by Iba1 IHC staining (C). Scale bars, 200 μm (main panels, first and second rows), 500 μm (main panels, third row), 100 μm (main panels, fourth row), 50 μm (insets). *P ≤ 0.05, **P ≤ 0.01. n = 3(A, B), n = 3–5 (C, D)