Table 1 A table showing the Budapest Criteria for clinical CRPS diagnosis and which symptoms and signs were present in our cohort. All four criteria must be met in order to make a clinical diagnosis of CRPS according to the Budapest Criteria [39]. On this basis, 14 participants were clinically diagnosed with CRPS in our study

1

Continuing pain, disproportionate to any inciting event

2

Symptoms: Must report at least one symptom in three of the four categories shown to the right

14 (Hyperesthesia; allodynia)

9 (Temperature asymmetry; changes in skin colour; skin colour asymmetry)

14 (Edema; sweating changes; sweating asymmetry)

12 (Decreased range of motion; motor dysfunction; trophic changes (hair, nails, skin))

3

Signs: At the time of evaluation, must have at least one sign in two or more of the categories shown to the right

11 (Hyperalgesia (pinprick); allodynia (light touch or temperature); deep somatic pressure; joint movement)

11 (Skin temperature asymmetry (> 1 °C); changes in skin colour; skin colour asymmetry)

8 (Edema; sweating changes; sweating asymmetry)

7 Decreased range of motion; motor dysfunction (weakness, tremor, dystonia); trophic changes (hair, nails, skin))

4

No other diagnosis can better explain the patient’s signs and symptoms