Fig. 3

TGFβ1 promotes microglia proliferation and neuroinflammation. a Representative staining and quantification for IBA1 (red) in the cortex from IgG1 or anti-TGFβ1 mice administered saline (vehicle) or AOM. DAPI (blue) was used to stain nuclei. Scale bar indicates 50 μM. b CCL2 protein expression normalized by total protein concentration in the cortex of IgG1 or anti-TGFβ1 mice administered vehicle or AOM. c CX3CL1 protein expression normalized by total protein concentration in the cortex of IgG1 or anti-TGFβ1 mice administered vehicle or AOM. d IL-1β protein expression normalized by total protein concentration in the cortex of IgG1 or anti-TGFβ1 mice administered vehicle or AOM. e TNFα protein expression normalized by total protein concentration in the cortex of IgG1 or anti-TGFβ1 mice administered vehicle or AOM. *p < 0.05 compared to vehicle- and IgG1-treated mice, ^#p < 0.05 compared to AOM- and IgG1-treated mice. n = 3 for all analyses