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Fig. 9 | Journal of Neuroinflammation

Fig. 9

From: Elevated circulating TGFβ1 during acute liver failure activates TGFβR2 on cortical neurons and exacerbates neuroinflammation and hepatic encephalopathy in mice

Fig. 9

Working model of TGFβ1 signaling during AOM-induced HE. AOM-induced liver failure leads to an increase of hepatic TGFβ1 that enters the bloodstream, crosses the blood–brain barrier, and enters the brain. This results in the activation of TGFβR2 on neurons leading to increased expression and secretion of CCL2 and decreased expression and secretion of CX3CL1 from neurons. This imbalance of CCL2 and CX3CL1 leads to changes in chemokine receptor-mediated signaling in microglia, which ultimately results in microglia activation and worse HE outcomes

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