Fig. 5

Expression of GPR40 (a–c) and stimulatory effects of GW9508 on mRNA expression of IL-10, the β-endorphin precursor proopiomelanocortin (POMC) and dynorphin A precursor prodynorphin (PDYN) (d–g), and secretion of IL-10 and β-endorphin (h, i) in cultured primary microglia, astrocytes, and neurons originated from the spinal cords of 1-day-old neonatal rats. For the immunostaining study, immunofluorescence was double stained with GPR40/Iba-1, GPR40/GFAP, and GPR40/NeuN. For the stimulatory study, cultured cells and cultural medium were collected 2 h after GW9508 incubation, and the mRNA expression of IL-10, POMC, and PDYN and the peptide concentrations of IL-10 and β-endorphin were measured using quantitative real-time PCR and commercial ELISA kits, respectively. Data are presented as means ± SEM (N = 4~7 per group). *P < 0.05 vs. control group; analyzed by unpaired and two-tailed Student’s t test