Fig. 6

Effects of the specific GPR40 antagonist GW1100 (a, b), glial inhibitor minocycline (c–f), IL-10 (g, h), and β-endorphin (i, j) neutralizing antibodies on the GW9508-enhanced mRNA expression of IL-10 and the β-endorphin precursor proopiomelanocortin (POMC) in microglia and astrocytes. Cultured primary microglial cells (a–d, g–j) and astrocytes (e, f), originated from the spinal cords of neonatal rats, were collected 2 h after drug treatment, and the mRNA expression of IL-10 and POMC was determined using quantitative real-time PCR. Data are presented as means ± SEM (N = 4~8 per group). Asterisk (*) and number sign (#) indicate P < 0.05 vs. the vehicle control group and GW9508 group, respectively; analyzed by one-way ANOVA followed by the post hoc Student-Newman-Keuls test