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Fig. 3 | Journal of Neuroinflammation

Fig. 3

From: HIV-1 Tat enhances purinergic P2Y4 receptor signaling to mediate inflammatory cytokine production and neuronal damage via PI3K/Akt and ERK MAPK pathways

Fig. 3

P2Y4R signaling regulates inflammatory response and ATP production in mouse astrocytes by Tat. a Primary mouse astrocytes were incubated in a serum-free medium overnight followed by pretreating with or without 100 μM ATP for 2 h, prior to soluble Tat protein stimulus for 6 h. Relative release levels of TNFα, IL-6, and MCP-1were determined by cytometric bead array. These data are from three independent experiments. Error bars represent the mean ± S.E.M. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, and ***P < 0.001. b, c Determination of sh-RNA knockdown of P2Y4R were performed by Western blotting assay in primary mouse astrocytes transduced with sh-Ctrl and sh-P2Y4R1/2/3 for 72 h, respectively. **P < 0.01 versus NC. d P2Y4R protein was measured by immunoblotting assay, and relative protein levels of TNFα, IL-6, and MCP-1 were determined by cytometric bead array (n = 3). The data are represented as the mean ± S.E.M. *P < 0.05 and **P < 0.01. e Relative ATP levels were analyzed by the ATPlite luminescence assay system. The data are from three independent experiments. The data are represented as the mean ± S.E.M. **P < 0.05 and ***P < 0.01

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