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Table 2 Clinical and neuroimaging findings related to the number of depressive episodes or depression relapse

From: Role of inflammation in depression relapse

Study

Characteristics of MDD samples

Number of participants per group

Brain regions

Method

MDD

HC

 

Serra-Blasco et al. (2013) [76]

22 with first-episode, 22 with remitted–recurrent, and 22 with treatment-resistant/chronic MDD

66

32

dmPFC, left insula

Voxel-based morphometry

Treadway et al. (2015) [77]

Medication-free MDD

52

51

Dentate, dmPFC

Volumetric analyses

Stratmann et al. (2014) [78]

35 with first-episode and 97 with rMDD

132

132

Right hippocampus, right amygdala

Voxel-based morphometry

Meng et al. (2014) [79]

25 with rMDD

25

25

Right putamen

Graph-based methods

Greicius et al. (2007) [80]

MDD

28

20

sgACC

Independent component analysis

Jacobs et al. (2016) [81]

17 with active MDD and 34 with remitted MDD

51

26

Left PCC and left inferior frontal gyrus, right middle frontal gyrus, left amygdala with the right anterior insula, caudate and claustrum

Functional connectivity

Lythe et al. (2015) [84]

31 MDD without relapse and 25 MDD with relapse

56

39

Right superior anterior temporal lobe and the sgACC

Functional connectivity

Workman et al. (2016) [85]

30 MDD without relapse and 17 MDD with relapse

47

35

Left sgACC, right sgACC

Functional connectivity

Zaremba et al. (2018) [86]

23 MDD without relapse and 37 MDD with relapse

60

54

Insular and dlPFC

Voxel-based morphometry

  1. Abbreviations: dlPFC dorsolateral prefrontal gyrus, dmPFC dorsomedial prefrontal gyrus, HC healthy controls, PCC posterior cingulate cortex, rMDD recurrent major depressive disorder, sgACC subgenual anterior cingulate cortex