Fig. 2

Knocking out TRPV1-protected astrocyte against ischemia-induced damage and inhibits its activation and expression of inflammatory cytokines. a Knocking out TRPV1 and pretreating with capsaicin (10 μM) 0.5 h before OGD prevented astrocytes from cell body edema, reduction of branch processes after OGD. b, c Cell area and protrusion length were normalized to control for other groups 24 h after OGD. n = 5–7 for each group. d Cell viability of astrocytes was promoted in the TRPV1^−/− and pre-treating with capsaicin group compared to OGD group. n = 6 for each group. e Western blot revealed that knocking out TRPV1 or pretreating capsaicin reduced the upregulation of GFAP compared to OGD group. f Quantification of independent blots. n = 5 for each group. g–j The graphical representation of the fold changes of the expression of IL-1β, IL-6, TNF, and IL-10. Knocking out TRPV1 or pre-treating with capsaicin inhibited the upregulation of IL-1β, IL-6, TNF, and IL-10 compared to OGD group. n = 5 for each group. Cap, 10 μM capsaicin. Average values represent the mean ± SEM. **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001 versus control (Tukey’s test after two-way ANOVA). ^#P < 0.05, ^##P < 0.01, ^###P < 0.001 versus WT-OGD (Tukey’s test after one-way ANOVA)