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Fig. 2 | Journal of Neuroinflammation

Fig. 2

From: Pneumolysin and the bacterial capsule of Streptococcus pneumoniae cooperatively inhibit taxis and motility of microglia

Fig. 2

Inhibition of microglial motility by pneumococcal components. a Identification of microglia (vs. astrocytes) in mixed glial cultures based on microglial motility in transmission images (see supplementary movies). Compared with a transmission image, microglial outlines after live imaging and Iba1-immunofluorescent imaging of the same area after fixation are shown, demonstrating correct identification of all microglial cells in the imaging field. Scale bar, 40 μm. b Determination of basic microglial motility from live imaging and a count of cells with displacements greater than 20 μm. The presence of a bacterial capsule was associated with significantly less motile microglia in the D39 strain background. For comparison, 1 μM CpG-DNA (a pro-inflammatory TLR9 agonist) was also included. c Similar trend of motility inhibition was observed in the clinical 106.66 isolate background (106.66 (capsule serotype 6B), 106.66 Janus (capsule-deficient mutant)). d Challenge of glial cells with 0.1 μg/ml PLY inhibited microglial motility. All values represent the mean ± SEM, n = 5 independent experiments, *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001. In all bacterial lysis experiments, the lysate concentration was 20 million CFU/ml

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