Fig. 6

F-actin changes in microglia following exposure to pneumococci. F-actin staining with phalloidin-Alexa488 in microglia cells. a Asymmetrical (polarized) focal adhesion accumulation in mock-treated cells. The red lines represent the shorter axes of the cells, which should be approximately perpendicular to the direction of cell displacement. Shortly after microglia challenge with D39 lysates, focal adhesion clusters appeared on both sides of the shorter axes, disturbing polarization. b Sixty minutes after D39 challenge, microglia demonstrated multiple membrane ruffles (red arrows), clearly detectable in the XY (upper image) and in the Z-axis (lower panel). Scale bars, 10 μm