Fig. 7

Microglia activation associated with proinflammatory cytokines was increased in 5xFAD mice and APN^−/−5xFAD mice. a Representative images of double immunofluorescence staining for TNFα (red) with Iba1 (green) in the cortex, hippocampus CA1, and dentate gyrus (DG) of WT mice, APN^−/− mice, 5xFAD mice, and APN^−/−5xFAD mice at 9 months old. Scale bar 50 μm. b Quantification of TNFα fluorescence intensity in the cortex, hippocampus CA1, and DG of WT mice, APN^−/− mice, 5xFAD mice, and APN^−/−5xFAD mice (n = 4). c Quantification of the number of TNFα-positive microglia in the cortex, hippocampus CA1, and DG of WT mice, APN^−/− mice, 5xFAD mice, and APN^−/−5xFAD mice (n = 4). d Representative images of double immunofluorescence staining for IL-1β (green) with Iba1 (red) in the cortex, hippocampus CA1, and DG of WT mice, APN^−/− mice, 5xFAD mice, and APN^−/−5xFAD mice at 9 months old. Scale bar 50 μm. e Quantification of IL-1β fluorescence intensity in the cortex, hippocampus CA1, and DG of WT mice, APN^−/− mice, 5xFAD mice, and APN^−/−5xFAD mice (n = 4). f Quantification of the number of TNFα-positive microglia in the cortex, hippocampus CA1, and DG of WT mice, APN^−/− mice, 5xFAD mice, and APN^−/−5xFAD mice (n = 4). g Quantification of Iba1 fluorescence intensity in the cortex, hippocampus CA1, and DG of WT mice, APN^−/− mice, 5xFAD mice, and APN^−/−5xFAD mice. Right bottom corner represented a magnified image × 400. One-way ANOVA with Tukey’s multiple comparison test revealed a difference between groups. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001; ns, statistically not significant