Table 1 Cited studies on the effects of antibiotics in AD rodent models and humans
| Antibiotic | Species | Target | Effects | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Streptozotocin |
-Mice -Rats |
-Gram-positive bacteria -Pancreatic islet cells | -Memory deficits | [90, 93] |
| Ampicillin | -Rats | -Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria |
-Increased serum corticosterone -Increased anxiety -Memory deficits | [87] |
| Cefepime | -Humans | -Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria | -Reduced consciousness, myoclonus, confusion | [96] |
| Amoxicillin | -Humans | -Gram-positive bacteria | -Improved cognition | [97] |
| Rifampicin |
-Humans -Rats -Mice | -Bacterial DNA-dependent RNA synthesis |
-Anti-cholinesterase -Anti-oxidative -Anti-inflammatory -Reduced Aβ | [98, 102, 103] |
| Minocycline |
-Mice -Rats | -Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria |
-Reduced inflammation and microglia activation -Improved cognition -Reduced Aβ | [99] |
| Rapamycin |
-Mice -Rats |
-Antifungal -Immunosuppressant -mTOR inhibitor |
-Improved cognition -Reduced tau -Reduced Aβ -Reduced microglia activation | [100, 105] |
| d-Cycloserin |
-Humans -Rats |
-Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria -NMDA receptor partial agonist | -Improved cognition | [101, 104] |
| Doxycycline |
-Humans -Mice | -Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria |
-Improved cognition -Reduced inflammation | [102, 103] |