Table 1 Cited studies on the effects of antibiotics in AD rodent models and humans
Antibiotic | Species | Target | Effects | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Streptozotocin | -Mice -Rats | -Gram-positive bacteria -Pancreatic islet cells | -Memory deficits | |
Ampicillin | -Rats | -Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria | -Increased serum corticosterone -Increased anxiety -Memory deficits | [87] |
Cefepime | -Humans | -Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria | -Reduced consciousness, myoclonus, confusion | [96] |
Amoxicillin | -Humans | -Gram-positive bacteria | -Improved cognition | [97] |
Rifampicin | -Humans -Rats -Mice | -Bacterial DNA-dependent RNA synthesis | -Anti-cholinesterase -Anti-oxidative -Anti-inflammatory -Reduced Aβ | |
Minocycline | -Mice -Rats | -Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria | -Reduced inflammation and microglia activation -Improved cognition -Reduced Aβ | [99] |
Rapamycin | -Mice -Rats | -Antifungal -Immunosuppressant -mTOR inhibitor | -Improved cognition -Reduced tau -Reduced Aβ -Reduced microglia activation | |
d-Cycloserin | -Humans -Rats | -Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria -NMDA receptor partial agonist | -Improved cognition | |
Doxycycline | -Humans -Mice | -Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria | -Improved cognition -Reduced inflammation |